Peter Gustafson Discusses His Book, The Business Investor

February 10, 2026 in Audio, Full Video, Interviews, Transcripts, Venture Capital

Peter Gustafson discussed his book, The Business Investor, at MOI Global’s Meet-the-Author Forum.

In a conversation with Alex Gilchrist, Peter shares key insights gleaned from decades of navigating the financial world as both an investor and business owner. Peter brings a dual perspective that bridges the gap between the rigorous investigative work of a financial journalist and the long-term discipline of a seasoned entrepreneur.

Rather than focusing on the noise of daily market fluctuations, Peter invites investors to return to the core foundations of rational capital allocation. He discusses the genesis of his new book, which serves as a comprehensive update to Ben Graham’s The Intelligent Investor, combining the principles of both Graham and Buffett into a cohesive framework for the modern era. Peter argues that successful investing isn’t about complex algorithms, but rather a deep understanding of three pillars: the business, the management, and — perhaps most importantly — the investor’s own behavior.

Throughout the conversation, Peter explores the “business owner mindset,” explaining why thinking like an entrepreneur is often the most difficult hurdle for professionals to clear. He shares personal anecdotes from his time in Omaha, his evolution from a “VIP executive education” in journalism to running his own firm, and the hard-won lessons learned from both his greatest “six-bagger” successes and his most instructive blunders. This interview offers a rare look at the temperament required to hold concentrated positions for decades and the discipline to maintain a 10% hurdle rate in an increasingly impatient market.

MOI Global’s Meet-the-Author Forum, hosted by Alex Gilchrist, brings together members and a select group of book authors in the pursuit of worldly wisdom. We are delighted to have an opportunity to inspire your reading.

Enjoy the conversation:

printable transcript audio author page

The following transcript has been edited for space and clarity.

Alex Gilchrist: Peter Gustafson is a renowned Warren Buffett authority with decades of experience as a successful business owner and investor. As an internationally sought-after speaker, Peter shares his experience annually in Omaha, Nebraska, where he lectures on Warren Buffett’s investment principles and how to apply them effectively in real-world investing. Peter has kindly joined us to discuss his new book. Tell us a bit about the book, how it came about, and who you were thinking of in terms of the readership.

Peter Gustafson: The first idea for the book came early after I read extensively about Warren Buffett in 2007, as well as Benjamin Graham’s The Intelligent Investor. I realized at the time that The Intelligent Investor had not been updated, and the principles of Graham and Buffett had not been combined into a comprehensive picture. That started me thinking: isn’t it time for an update to The Intelligent Investor?

As I studied more, I realized there are actually only three factors involved in investing. The first is the company you invest in. You have to understand the business well—where the moat is, if there is one, and the characteristics of the industry. The second factor is management. Management is crucial for long-term results because they are the ones taking care of your money. The third factor is yourself.

I thought an update should go deep into analyzing the business and the moat; the management—what defines excellence and how to identify it; and, last but not least, yourself—how to analyze your own behavior to become a better investor by understanding what to focus on.

That was the origin 12 or 13 years ago. I didn’t start writing thoroughly until I was teaching in Omaha and was encouraged to put my teachings into a book using Buffett’s principles.

Alex: Before we move on, what is the teaching in Omaha? How did that come about and how does it work? I think some of the other people who teach there are quite well-known for their work regarding Warren Buffett.

Peter: I started coming to Omaha around 2011 for various conferences. One seminar stood out: “The Genius of Warren Buffett.” It is a three or four-day course covering everything about Buffett: his investment style, his history, his partnership with Charlie Munger, and his various subsidiaries. After I had attended for a few years, the organizer, Bob Miles, suggested I present a wrap-up on how to put it all together. It was successful, and Bob told me immediately after, “Peter, you should write a book.” That was the trigger point.

Alex: That’s interesting because, beyond corporate America and Berkshire Hathaway, there are many private investors who have stayed the course with Warren throughout the years. To what extent did you have those kinds of private investors in mind when writing the book?

Peter: When I decided to write the book, I decided I wasn’t doing it for money. It’s about helping people, especially younger people, start their investment journey on a solid, rational platform. Just as Warren Buffett did in 1949 when he first read The Intelligent Investor. He had been experimenting with technical analysis, but that book gave him the right foundation. I want investors today to have the opportunity to find that right platform in a single book.

Alex: Tell us about yourself. You started as a journalist; how did your journey lead here?

Peter: I worked as a financial journalist and was the business editor for a leading Danish newspaper for several years. However, I actually graduated with a Master in Finance from Copenhagen Business School. I have always been a lifelong learner. When I was young, I asked myself where I could learn the most as fast as possible. Being a journalist at a leading newspaper covering the financial sector gave me the opportunity to call the CEOs of major companies—Carlsberg, Novo Nordisk, LEGO, Volvo, or Statoil—and ask them to help me understand specific issues.

I received a “VIP executive education” through journalism. In 1996, I started my own company, advising listed and private equity companies. Journalism was the starting point, and there isn’t much difference between being an investor and a journalist. A journalist digs for information to build a story; an investor digs into the company, industry, and management to build an investment case. Both are about finding the right story.

Alex: And journalists, like investors, need to see both sides of the story. You also had retail experience from your family’s shops. You had a natural business sense.

Peter: Business thinking is in my blood because both sides of my family were entrepreneurs. Being a business owner felt natural. I didn’t fully realize its value until I started investing full-time and reading Buffett. Thinking like a business owner is key to successful investing. I had that naturally because I had run my own company for 15 years.

This is often the most difficult thing for investors to grasp. Most people think about buying stocks; they look at the price and want it to go up. But as a business owner, it’s not about the price—often the companies aren’t even listed. We looked at sales and earnings. Every year, we would sit down and ask, “How much can we take out of the company this year?” That is your return. That is exactly how Warren Buffett thinks about investment returns.

Alex: We often confuse precision with certainty. If you operate your own business, you’re used to uncertainty and opportunity costs. How do you bring that intuition into your analysis?

Peter: Business owners naturally think longer-term than the typical stock investor. When I ran my company, we were always discussing how things would look three or four years down the road. That is a much longer perspective than most equity reports, which focus on the next 12 months.

Thinking long-term also involves managing risk. One way we do that is by thinking in scenarios instead of a single point of failure. Scenarios are essential for handling risk.

Alex: Even a simple business like a restaurant is affected by the weather. You have to get used to how things change and what margin of safety you need. How does your experience translate when you speak to management?

Peter: The two most important factors in disappointing investments are either paying too much because of high growth expectations—what we call “burning your fingers” in Danish—or management failing to understand rational capital allocation.

If they understand it, they create immense value. If they don’t, they destroy it. They may not know when to invest in the business, when to acquire another company, or when to buy back shares if the price is depressed. Understanding management over the long run is difficult, but experience helps you know what to look for.

Alex: You share the disdain of many value investors for stock options. You mention that if 10% of stock options are outstanding, that’s a reason to dig deeper.

Peter: That is part of analyzing management and the board. It is the board that issues those options. I find it worrying—a red flag—if a company has many “free” stock options. It doesn’t put the investor and management in the same boat. Management can get very rich if things go well, but they don’t lose anything if they don’t.

Alex: That’s complicated when looking at big tech firms where everyone is doing the same thing. Do you stick to your standard or give them a pass because it’s industry-wide?

Peter: It is common for players in an industry to mimic each other. In tech, options are a way to attract talent when a startup doesn’t have much cash. I understand that. But as soon as management receives options, they are taking a share of the company from the other owners. You just have to be aware of it. I prefer the Berkshire Hathaway model, where directors buy stocks with their own money.

Alex: That shows real faith in the business and its capital allocation.

Peter: It’s only fair. Management should put their own money on the table to become real investors like us. Then we are truly in the same boat.

Alex: From your experience, do companies that follow those policies perform better over the long term?

Peter: I don’t have definitive evidence, but research suggests companies run or influenced by founders perform better on average than those managed by “hired guns.” Founders have skin in the game; often their entire family wealth is invested. Look at the Waltons at Walmart. Berkshire Hathaway often buys companies where the founder wants to stay on because they care for the company like their own child.

Alex: You are a very concentrated investor. Could you tell us about that?

Peter: When you build and own a business, you are as concentrated as possible. You own one company, and that is your wealth. In the book, I advise a “10-by-10” portfolio: 10 companies with 10% of your wealth in each. Buffett has said that five, six, or seven companies are enough. Why buy 20? The 21st investment is never as good as the 6th. Charlie Munger says three is enough. While that is too volatile for most, concentration makes sense if you find great companies.

Alex: How do you balance the lack of “internal” information with that level of concentration in public markets?

Peter: The longer you own a company, the more you know about it. If it’s a great company with a high return on capital and rational management, you let it run. You get to know it so well that you aren’t bothered by a bad quarter or a drop in share price. You can absorb the “bumps on the road.” Most of my investments are held for years. I might only make one new investment a year, or none at all.

Alex: You once mentioned buying 5% of a company—that’s high conviction. Is that a matter of character?

Peter: It requires patience. I don’t need the excitement of checking share prices every day. I might only check once a week unless something is happening. If you think like a business owner, you don’t sell every quarter or even every year. You might hold for decades. I don’t need excitement; I need returns. You get returns while you own the company, not by selling it.

Alex: The financial sector often pushes people toward action. How do you hold yourself back when a stock drops 15%?

Peter: If you think like a business owner, nobody should know more about the business than you. For non-listed companies, there is no share price to follow. If you are influenced by daily price movements, your focus is in the wrong place. Focus on results, earnings, and megatrends. The share price will follow the earnings over the long run.

Alex: How have you evolved as an investor?

Peter: I have become even more patient. As a CEO, you take decisions every day. As an investor, you don’t take many. I read, gather information, and think. I walk a lot, and while I walk, I analyze an issue from every angle. I don’t act; I just think, so I am prepared when the opportunity arises.

Alex: What’s an example of an investment that helped this development?

Peter: I include six cases in the book—three successes and three blunders. I previously worked in a leading Nordic insurance company, so I understand that business model. I found a Norwegian company, Protector Forsikring, which was very efficient and had a small moat by being able to sell insurance cheaper than competitors.

It was one of my first big investments and grew beautifully for six years. Then I saw an issue and decided to sell. It was a “six-bagger” (600% profit). However, I didn’t realize the problem was operational rather than systemic. Management solved it within 18 months, and now it’s a “fifty-bagger.” I learned that you must distinguish between solvable operational problems and unsolvable systemic ones.

Alex: You discussed Warren Buffett’s hurdle rate. How can we benefit from that?

Peter: You must calculate your expected return based on profits, not share price. Buffett wants a 10% real return (before tax) from day one. If a company is worth $50 billion, it needs $5 billion in before-tax profit to meet that 10% yield. He also wants earnings to grow at least as fast as inflation.

This is why he has so much cash right now—he hasn’t found big investments that meet that 10% hurdle. For faster-growing companies (10-15% growth), he might pay a higher price but expects to see a 15% return down the road as quickly as possible.

Alex: What do you enjoy most about investing?

Peter: I am a lifelong learner. I enjoy asking “why” and finding the answer. Learning is the most joyful part. I also enjoy discussing capital allocation and megatrends with management. You have to consider both the optimistic and the risky trends.

Alex: Finally, what areas are most fruitful for value investors to learn about today?

Peter: Yourself and management. Invest in yourself, as Buffett says, because you need to understand your own decision-making process. Then, learn about management. The business stays, but management changes. Understand their incentives, backgrounds, and priorities. Some focus on efficiency; others on the excitement of acquisitions. Learning about management and yourself are the two most important ways to spend your time.

About the author:

Peter Gustafson is a Warren Buffett style investor, with tremendous success running his own concentrated portfolio of significant shareholdings in Scandinavian companies..

Cavco: Strategic M&A and Utilization Gains Set Path to Double Earnings

January 30, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Ideas, Transcripts

James Hannack of Punch & Associates Investment Management presented his investment thesis on Cavco Industries (US: CVCO) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

Cavco is a leading producer of manufactured and modular homes in North America, operating through 33 manufacturing plants and 99 company-owned retail stores. James notes that the industry has undergone substantial consolidation since the Great Recession, evolving from a fragmented landscape into a disciplined oligopoly where the top three players control 85% of the market. This rationalized structure has enabled stable pricing and margins despite volume fluctuations. James highlights that CVCO is particularly well-positioned to consolidate the remaining 15% of the market, as its primary competitor, Clayton, is limited by its existing 50% market share and another peer is undergoing a management transition.

The investment thesis centers on a favorable post-pandemic normalization and the acute shortage of affordable housing. While demand outstripped supply by 50% in FY 2022, constraints have eased, allowing for improved utilization. Manufactured housing represents a viable solution to the national shortage of 3.5 million homes, with HUD-Code units offering an ASP of approximately $85,000—a fraction of the cost of traditional site-built homes. James expects demand to be further supported by real wage growth among lower-end consumers and a stabilization of orders from the REIT and community channels.

Improving regulatory conditions and financing access provide additional tailwinds for the business. James points to recent legislative wins in Texas and New York that mandate more inclusive zoning for HUD-Code homes, effectively lowering barriers to entry in previously restricted municipalities. On the federal level, the industry is gaining visibility in Congress, and there is an ongoing push for GSE participation in the chattel loan market. James believes that involving GSEs would lower interest rates for the roughly one-third of CVCO customers who utilize personal property loans, thereby improving overall housing accessibility.

James identifies a path for the company to double its housing EBIT over the next four years by increasing annual shipments from 20,000 to 30,000 units. This growth is expected to come from restoring plant utilization to 85%, integrating the American Homestar acquisition, and pursuing further organic and inorganic capacity investments. Under the leadership of Bill, who joined the board in 2008 and became CEO in 2019, the company has maintained a fortress balance sheet and a disciplined capital allocation strategy. This approach includes programmatic share repurchases that have reduced the share count by 14% and strategic M&A that adds capacity without disrupting industry supply.

The shares recently traded at a P/E of 28x, justified by CVCO’s high-quality operations and improving ROIC. While the valuation is not optically cheap compared to smaller, less-scaled peers, James sees ~120% upside over a four-year horizon. This assumes EPS reaches $54 through a combination of 400bps in OPM expansion and high incremental margins. The downside is estimated at $280 per share, based on a trough multiple of 2.0x book value, resulting in a favorable 2:1 up-down ratio.

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About the instructor:

James Hannack joined Punch & Associates in September 2021 as an Associate Research Analyst. Previously, he worked as an analyst at a publicly traded regional bank where he assessed overall portfolio credit risk. A Marquette University alumnus, James graduated with a double major in Finance and Accounting. He was a student analyst for Marquette’s Applied Investment Management Program covering the financial services sector. James became a CFA charterholder in April of 2025. In his newfound free time, he enjoys triathlon training, reading, and anything outdoors.

Pluxee: Spinoff Dynamics, With Strong Management and Free Cash Flow

January 25, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Ideas, Transcripts

Jeffrey Stacey of Stacey Muirhead Capital Management presented his investment thesis on Pluxee (France: PLX) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

Pluxee is a leader in employee benefits and engagement, currently holding the number-two market share position worldwide. Spun off from Sodexo in early 2024, the company operates across 28 countries with a 45-year history. Jeff highlights a business model driven by three revenue streams: merchant fees, client fees, and float revenue generated from interest income on funds held in trust. The company facilitates over 4.8 million daily transactions for 500,000 client companies and 37 million employees, supported by a vast network of 1.7 million merchants. Jeff views the increasing corporate focus on employee retention and the “war for talent” as a structural tailwind for Pluxee’s engagement and benefit programs.

The business exhibits outstanding economics characterized by high ROE of 47.8% and consistent profitability. Jeff notes that the customer base is loyal and sticky, maintaining retention rates at or above 100% when accounting for organic growth within existing programs. While the company faces regulatory challenges, specifically regarding the Workers’ Food Program (PAT) in Brazil which has impacted merchant fees and float timelines, Jeff contends that Pluxee’s broad geographic diversity mitigates this exposure. The company remains asset-light and technology-driven, with all transactions occurring digitally via mobile devices or wearable technology, ensuring scalability as it expands its platform.

Management alignment is a core component of the thesis, as the Bellon family maintains a 46.2% ownership stake and has committed to retaining these shares post-spinoff. Jeff emphasizes this “skin in the game” as a primary driver for disciplined capital allocation. Under the leadership of CEO Aurélien, who has been in the role since 2017, Pluxee has demonstrated a balanced approach to capital deployment through tuck-in acquisitions, such as Cobee in Spain and Skipper in Belgium. Furthermore, management recently announced a $100 million share buyback program and a 9% YOY dividend increase, signaling a commitment to returning capital when the market price deviates from intrinsic value.

Regarding valuation, the shares recently traded at €13.41, representing a market capitalization of approximately €1.95 billion. Pluxee maintains a strong financial position with €1.2 billion in net cash, or €7.96 per share. When adjusting for this cash, the enterprise is valued at €5.44 per share. Based on fiscal 2025 EPS of €1.35, the stock recently traded at an ex-cash P/E of 4.0x. Additionally, Pluxee generated €1.79 per share in FCF, resulting in a 32.9% FCF yield at the adjusted price. Jeff suggests that these multiples provide a wide margin of safety and reflect an attractive entry point despite prevailing regulatory concerns.

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About the instructor:

Jeffrey Stacey is the founder of Stacey Muirhead Capital Management Ltd. and he has over 35 years of investment industry experience. Jeff has an Honours Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Wilfrid Laurier University and is a Chartered Financial Analyst.

Jeff has been involved in many charitable and board activities throughout his career. He has served on several investment committees including for two Canadian universities. In addition, he has served on the advisory boards for two university student managed investment funds.

Jeff is married and has two children. Personal interests include hiking, fitness, reading, travelling, and playing drums.

On: Leveraging DTC Expansion to Drive High-Margin Growth

January 21, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Diary, Equities, Ideas, Transcripts

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5N Plus: Capitalizing on the Reshoring of Critical Mineral Supply Chains

January 21, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Ideas, Transcripts

Amar Pandya of PenderFund Capital Management presented his in-depth investment thesis on 5N Plus (Canada: VNP) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

5N Plus is a Montreal-based producer of advanced specialty semiconductors and performance materials, operating eight manufacturing facilities and four R&D centers across three continents. Amar notes that the company has successfully completed a multi-year transformation, exiting low-margin, commoditized metals trading businesses to focus on value-add, proprietary products. This strategic shift was designed to reduce earnings volatility by 50% and ensure profitability throughout the market cycle. By buying degraded resources and waste streams from smelters and refining them into high-purity inputs, 5N Plus has established a unique upstream moat that feeds its downstream manufacturing of engineered materials for high-growth industries.

The company operates through two primary segments: Specialty Semiconductors and Performance Materials. The latter produces bismuth-based APIs for pharmaceutical applications, such as Pepto-Bismol, and accounts for 25% of revenue with 53% gross margins. The Specialty Semiconductors segment, representing 75% of revenue, serves critical growth sectors including renewable energy and space infrastructure. Amar highlights the company’s vital role as a supplier to First Solar, which recently extended contracts to increase cadmium telluride delivery. Furthermore, the 2021 acquisition of AZUR has positioned the firm as a leader in multi-junction solar cells for satellites, with production capacity nearly sold out through 2029.

Amar emphasizes that 5N Plus is a primary beneficiary of rising geopolitical tensions and the resulting push for Western-based supply chains. As one of the few large-scale suppliers of critical minerals outside of China, the company faces limited direct competition for its proprietary products. High barriers to entry, including elevated capital requirements and multi-year qualification periods, further protect its market position. The company also possesses several “moonshot” opportunities not yet reflected in the share price, including photon-counting X-ray detectors, a partnership for concentrated solar storage with Raygen, and an equity stake in Microbion for novel antimicrobial drugs.

Management, led by incoming CEO Richard Perron, maintains a disciplined approach to capital allocation, favoring accretive M&A of proprietary businesses where the product represents a small fraction of the end customer’s total cost. This provides the company with pricing power and the ability to pass on inflationary costs. The balance sheet is robust, with a net debt-to-EBITDA ratio of 0.8x and strong FCF generation. Amar expects the company to achieve 80% EBITDA growth between 2024 and 2027, supported by a record backlog and the rolling off of less profitable legacy contracts.

The shares recently traded at $17.72, representing a market capitalization of $1.58 billion and an EV of $1.64 billion. Amar suggests the stock is attractively valued at 12.5x 2025A EV/EBITDA, a discount to its global peer group despite its higher growth profile and strategic importance. His base case valuation of $30 per share assumes 16% revenue growth and 15x EBITDA, while a 2027 target price of $29.40 implies approximately 65% upside from recent levels. This valuation excludes the potential $1.62 per share in present value from hidden assets and the impact of future accretive M&A, which Amar views as additional optionality.

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About the instructor:

Amar Pandya is the Portfolio Manager of the Pender Alternative Arbitrage Fund, Pender Alternative Arbitrage Plus Fund and the Pender Alternative Special Situations Fund. He joined PenderFund Capital Management in October 2017.

Amar began his investment career in 2011 in the Portfolio Management Training Program at a large global financial services company. He moved to pursue his passion for equities becoming an Associate Portfolio Manager at a large-cap equity value firm before being drawn to Pender and the west coast in 2017.

As an advocate of a contrarian value investing approach, Amar works to identify out of favour, high quality compound growth businesses, as well as opportunistic close-the-discount investment opportunities trading at a significant discount to intrinsic value. He has also developed an expertise in event driven special situations with a primary focus on M&A and balance sheet driven special situations. Amar has researched and uncovered many such opportunities which have contributed to Pender’s equity mandates.

Amar holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree in Finance (Honours) from the University of Manitoba. He earned his Chartered Financial Analyst designation in 2015. He is actively involved with CFA Society Vancouver where he serves as co-chair of the CFA Vancouver Programs Committee.

Shift4: Valuation Disconnect and the Path to a Billion Dollar FCF Run Rate

January 21, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Ideas

Christopher Karlin of Associated Bank presented his in-depth investment thesis on Shift4 Payments (US: FOUR) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

Shift4 operates as an integrated payment processor providing commerce technology and software across core verticals including hospitality, restaurants, and sports and entertainment venues. Chris views the company as a non-commoditized business that leverages its software-embedded platform to create high switching costs for merchants. Founded by Jared Isaacman, who recently transitioned to a role as NASA administrator, the company has maintained a unique focus on identifying and controlling transaction choke points. This approach includes a track record of identifying overlooked assets and converting them into high-margin payment volume through a disciplined M&A playbook.

The investment thesis centers on the company’s ability to acquire customers more cost-effectively than peers who rely on heavy sales and marketing spend. By acquiring payment gateways and converting those relationships into full-service merchants, Shift4 often realizes gross profit dollar increases of four to five times. Chris argues that while take rates may appear to be falling, this is actually evidence of a successful migration toward enterprise customers who provide higher total volume dollars. This scale, combined with a fixed-cost operating model, drives operating margin expansion and high returns on incremental invested capital.

Management transition risks appear mitigated by a deep bench of experienced leaders. New CEO Taylor Lauber and CFO Chris Cruz have long histories with the business and were instrumental in developing its capital allocation strategy. The recent acquisition of Global Blue provides an entry point into the retail vertical and international markets while offering a non-commoditized service with 80% market share in VAT reimbursement. Although this acquisition increased leverage, Chris points out that the company has a history of rapid deleveraging and has authorized a $1 billion share repurchase program to capitalize on the current valuation.

Shift4 recently traded at a valuation that Chris considers disconnected from its growth profile and cash generation. The shares recently traded at approximately 7x the run-rate FCF guidance exiting 2027, representing a 14% yield. This compares to peer multiples such as FISV at 8x and TOST at 19x 2027E FCF. While the market has lumped the company in with other broken growth stories and incoherent rollups, Chris expects a re-rating as the company executes on its goal of reaching a $1 billion run rate of adjusted FCF by 2027 while reducing net debt to EBITDA to approximately 1.8x.

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About the instructor:

Christopher Karlin has been in the investment business since 1991. Prior to founding Aquitania Capital Management in 2012, Christopher held positions as a Research Analyst and Portfolio Manager at First Pacific Advisors, Kestrel Investment Management and Fairview Capital Investment Management. Christopher interned with Farallon Capital Management while pursuing his MBA. He began his career with Wells Fargo Nikko Investment Advisors which later became a part of Blackrock. Christopher received his BBA from the University of Wisconsin in 1990 his MBA from Yale University in 1998 and has held the CFA designation since 1994.

Tubacex: Leading a Global Oligopoly in Premium Tubular Solutions

January 19, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Ideas, Transcripts

Javier Echevarria of Invexcel Patrimonio presented his in-depth investment thesis on Tubacex (Spain: TUB) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

Tubacex is a vertically integrated provider of seamless stainless steel and special alloy tubular solutions, operating in a high value-added niche that represents approximately 10% of total industry volume but one-third of its value. Javier highlights the company’s evolution from a commodity-focused manufacturer to a global solutions provider, with premium products now accounting for 80% of sales compared to 30% a decade ago. This strategic shift is supported by high barriers to entry, including capital intensity, metallurgical expertise, and lengthy certification processes. The industry is characterized by an oligopolistic structure where the top three players control 70% of the market, allowing Tubacex to maintain a competitive position with a backlog that currently provides nearly two years of revenue visibility.

The company has secured major long-term agreements that provide structural stability and growth potential. A 10-year contract with ADNOC for corrosion-resistant alloy tubes and a subsequent joint venture with Mubadala, which acquired a 49% stake in the OCTG business unit for $200 million, have de-leveraged the balance sheet and validated the value of the division. Additionally, Tubacex developed the Sentinel Prime connection technology over eight years, breaking a long-standing duopoly held by Tenaris and Vallourec. This technology has already been licensed to ADNOC for $50 million, suggesting a potential high-margin licensing model for the future.

Growth catalysts are driven by expanding global energy consumption and a recovery in oil and gas CAPEX, which remains below 2014 levels despite demand being 11% higher. Javier notes that the company is well-positioned to benefit from the energy transition through exposure to hydrogen and carbon capture, as well as the increasing complexity of remote extraction wells. Geographically, demand is lead by Asia-Pacific and the Middle East, where Tubacex has established a manufacturing footprint. The company’s products are mission-critical but typically represent only 2% of total project costs, leading customers to prioritize quality and reliability over price.

Financially, Tubacex maintains a robust position with a net debt-to-EBITDA ratio that, when adjusted for working capital, reflects positive net cash of approximately €30 million. Javier observes that inventories are largely pre-sold through take-or-pay agreements, further reducing operational risk. Management’s 2027 targets include EBITDA exceeding €200 million and a cash conversion rate above 50%, though Javier adopts a more conservative outlook by extending the forecast period to 2029 and reducing estimates by 20% to account for potential macro-induced softness in lower value-added segments.

The shares recently traded at a valuation that implies a miscorrelation with fossil fuel prices and a lack of recognition for the company’s improved quality and visibility. Based on a conservative 2029 normalized net profit of €65 million and an EBITDA of €160 million, Javier applies a P/E multiple of 12x and an EV/EBITDA of 7x to arrive at a target price between €6.2 and €6.4. This suggests an upside potential of 80% over a four-year horizon, representing a 16% IRR supplemented by a dividend yield of approximately 4%. Should the company achieve its own 2027 targets, the implied value could exceed €8 per share.

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About the instructor:

Javier Echevarria serves as Chief Investment Officer of Invexcel Patrimonio. He has specialized in Equity Investments and Wealth Management since 2007. He worked in Bestinver’s sales team from 2007-2009. He coordinated the Anatha charity project in Cambodia in 2009. He joined Excel Corporación as Markets Analyst in 2009 and Invexcel Patrimonio in 2010. He holds a Degree in Law from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and a Master’s Degree in Stocks and Financial Markets from Instituto de Estudios Bursátiles.

Tenaz Energy: Leveraging Supermajor Exits for High-Margin Gas Production

January 19, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Ideas, Transcripts

Mike Kruger of MPK Partners presented his in-depth investment thesis on Tenaz Energy (Canada: TNZ) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

Tenaz Energy is a shareholder-friendly exploration and production company currently undergoing a transition from an M&A-focused recapitalization story into a significant organic growth platform. Mike highlights that the company is led by CEO Anthony Marino, a dealmaker with a history of managing multi-billion dollar E&Ps and a reputation for disciplined capital allocation. Originally focused on Canadian assets, Tenaz has strategically shifted its footprint toward the Dutch North Sea, where it has acquired high-quality infrastructure and production from supermajors at low multiples. These acquisitions were made possible by non-economic motivations from sellers like Shell and Exxon, who were exiting the mature basin due to its small relative size and local regulatory pressures related to onshore activity.

The company’s portfolio is now approximately 93% natural gas, with the majority of production coming from the Dutch North Sea. Mike explains that Tenaz typically hedges 50% of its production over the next twelve months to maintain a conservative balance sheet while targeting unlevered after-tax IRRs of at least 20% on new investments. The strategy involves acquiring under-invested assets and utilizing state-of-the-art 3D seismic technology to identify development locations that were overlooked by previous owners. This approach is evidenced by the NOBV and GEMS acquisitions, which have provided Tenaz with a multi-year drilling inventory capable of delivering substantial production growth through 2027.

The macro environment for Tenaz is supported by the high cost of importing LNG into Europe, which Mike suggests creates a floor for local TTF gas prices. Delivering natural gas via pipeline in the Netherlands is not only cleaner than importing LNG but also strategically important for domestic energy security as European Russian gas imports are phased out. Tenaz is now the largest natural gas producer in the Netherlands outside of the state-owned EBN. While the company continues to evaluate a healthy M&A pipeline across Europe, MENA, and Latin America, its current asset base provides clear visibility toward reaching an exit production rate of approximately 27,000 boe/d by the end of 2026.

Tenaz recently traded at a market capitalization of C$1,015 million with an EV of C$1,367 million. While the shares are no longer at the “stupid cheap” levels seen prior to the closing of the NOBV deal, Mike argues they remain undervalued relative to the underlying reserve base. The company recently traded at roughly 115% of EV/After-tax 1P reserves and 75% of EV/After-tax 2P reserves, essentially pricing the acquisition program and several exploration prospects at zero. With net debt projected at only 1.1x 2026E FFO and a major jump in cash flow expected as new wells come online, Tenaz appears well-positioned to refinance its debt and eventually begin returning capital to shareholders through dividends or buybacks as it approaches its production goals.

Watch this session:

The following transcript has been edited for space and clarity.

Mike Kruger: I’d like to talk about Tenaz Energy, which is traded in Canada and originates in Canada. I have looked at oil and gas companies off and on for the past 20 years or so. I’m not a world’s expert, but it’s not my first rodeo. At my old firm, Promethean, I was the analyst on a lot of deals we looked at for fracking in the US and $CO_2$ floods and stuff like that. I found this name a while ago, back when it was trading at crazy cheap multiples before their M&A strategy really yielded a lot of results, and it was pretty interesting.

So, this guy Tony Marino used to run—well, I’ll get into the history in a second—but in a nutshell, this is a very shareholder-friendly oil and gas company in a sector that’s not always known for that. They started in Canada; today, it’s just over 10% of production and it’s growing, but they’re basically growing in the Dutch North Sea. So, offshore drilling for gas just north of the coast of the Netherlands. They’ve done this very cheaply and, you know, this is oil and gas and those prices are volatile, but I think it’s worth noting that management is, I would say, very conservative, non-promotional, and you’ve got some very high-margin production in a market where I think prices are underpinned by the cost of the marginal unit of gas, which is basically coming from the United States via LNG.

So, I think there ought to be a floor on prices. They typically hedge half their production for the year ahead and maybe a third in the second year ahead at any given time. They recently raised a lot of debt, but their production in 2026 is going to grow enormously. So, the metrics are actually pretty decent. They could end 2026 and then pay off their debt in less than a year. I look at the enterprise value to their reserve values. They’re all discounted at a 10% rate, which is customary. These are after-tax values. They pay very little in the way of royalties—none in the Netherlands—but the Netherlands does tax production. For this part of the world, the tax rates are pretty good. So, these are not excessive numbers and I think that you’re not really paying anything for the value of the acquisition program, and I think it’s highly likely that more deals are on the way. I’m going to try to convince you that those reserve values are a bit understated.

So, Marino previously ran a couple of much larger companies. You can see they’re multi-billion dollar companies today. In the tough times of COVID hitting in early 2020, he had a falling out with the board of directors over the company’s direction. He left and took sort of an unusual turn: he brought with him a lot of his team from Vermilion and recapped a really tiny company then called Altura. So, sort of an interesting move if you think about it. I mean, this company was a drop in the bucket compared to what he previously ran. Altura was run by a colleague of his and they discovered some decent reserves just south of Edmonton, but he wanted to grow—Marino—and had some interesting ideas about how to do that via acquisitions.

But it was a slow start because the war in Ukraine hit and COVID ended. COVID ends, demand returns, and after the long oil and gas bear market that began in late 2014, you could expect prices to rise quite a bit when the economy got back on its feet. Then, of course, Putin invades Ukraine. So, it’s a situation where huge run-ups in the oil and gas prices are actually making it difficult for him. Sellers were generating gobs of cash and Tony’s strategy is basically low-ball bids. So, the bid-ask spread widens in this environment with the ask going up more than the bid typically.

But eventually, we had some success. So, this is Tony’s account of his performance at Baytex and Vermilion and, take it for what it’s worth, but my checks indicate that people have thought him a good steward of shareholder capital through his career. Here’s where they started: they’re just south of Edmonton. Lots of infrastructure, really easy for workers to get to the fields. They own nearly 90% of it and it’s a good asset. They’re producing basically Western Canadian Select crude and it’s in sandstone that they loosen up with some light fracking, if you will. Good returns on drilling. They could probably take this to 4,000 to 5,000 barrels a day if they really wanted to, but they’ve got this new focus and some other opportunities that are even more attractive. So, it’s going to continue to grow, but it’s becoming a smaller and smaller part of the pie. Production is mostly oil, but maybe about 40% gas.

So, here is the strategy: these guys are opportunistic dealmakers, just pouring over the whole world—not every jurisdiction, certainly—and Tony’s been in the business a long time, including looking at a lot of stuff in the Dutch North Sea where they are today when he was back at Vermilion. So, he knows where to look, big Rolodex, lots of experience. And he said, “Look, we could bid on stuff in North America, but it’s a competitive market. If you’re bidding on something in the United States, you’ve got a lot of credible bidders competing with you.” Warren Buffett said weak competition is one of the secrets in life, and I think Tony knows that secret.

So, they’re looking for unlevered after-tax IRRs of at least 20%, and this is before anything—just doing workovers to fix wells that aren’t producing the way they should. They want to be able to improve growth per share. They want to make sure that if they were to ever issue shares to buy something—they’ve only done a tiny bit of that—that could cover the dividend required on the new shares, and they want to buy stuff that produces the capital they need to grow as opposed to relying on the capital markets. I think if you’re on the deal team at Tenaz, you kind of feel like you’re spinning your wheels much of the time. You do all this work knowing that one in ten or one in twenty of your offers will be accepted. But the upside of that is you know you get a good price. And they are hoping to exit this year at a rate of 27,000 barrels a day. So, that’ll be their exit rate in December of 2026 if things go to plan.

The goal is to become a company that has something like 100,000 barrels of production. At 50,000 barrels, I think they’d be thinking about returning capital—and they have done a lot of buybacks, generally to offset dilution from the options and warrants issued in the recap, but the share count has not grown very much. So, this is sort of the track record, if you will. These are the deals and I’ve got your initial cost, and that’s pretty much all cash except for the most recent deal where they issued a small number of shares for 17 of the 339 million Canadian dollars that it cost. All amounts, by the way, are in Canadian in this presentation unless I indicate it.

They’ve got an earn-out on the largest deal they’ve done but basically, I’ve added it all up and you see on the lower left the cost to create the company that we have today. I’m taking the proven and probable reserves for Altura around the time of the recap. Proven and probables are stuff you’re fairly confident in. Proven—the reserve auditor takes a look at what you’ve got and says, “I think there is better than a 90% chance of being able to produce oil and gas that’s worth this amount.” Probables: better than 50% chance. But I think in some cases, the probables and other reserves not included in that can actually be worth quite a lot.

Anyways, they raised 31 million in the recap, like I said; 17 million in shares issued for the latest acquisition; total cash out the door of 289 million; and they’ve got a contingent payment on their biggest deal that will be paid this quarter and first quarter of 2027. So, you see it’s about 460 million. And then we’ve got these reserve values—the latest reserve values as of this October. I’ve added 50 million for the value of a stake in a pipeline that they have. And the latest deal you can see here, Gems—it was the first time they actually shelled out a lot of cash, but I do think it was worth it. One thing to note about Gems is that there are a lot of fields that are not included in these 2P reserves that they’re going to be drilling very soon and they have high confidence in, and those first three to be drilled through 2028 probably add about 300 million to that number if successful. So, 300 million on top of the 590.

And one thing to note here is, if you just take out the Gems deal where they shelled out a lot of cash, they had only spent—adding everything up here—120 million for a company that, I would argue, is at bare minimum worth their proven reserves. That’s the 1P number: 798 million. PDP stands for proven developed producing, so these are your wells that are producing oil and gas right now. And so, it’s quite a record.

The story on these deals: they bid on a company called SDX. Would have been a great deal, but a major shareholder blocked it. And then they bought two small collections of assets in the Dutch North Sea. Fairly tiny deals, but these are interesting. If you look at this previous slide, the private company with the nine offshore licenses and XTO Netherlands—they basically shelled out no cash to purchase these assets from the private company, I believe the name was Rosewood. And with XTO Netherlands, they actually got a whole bunch of working capital with a huge slug of cash and they assumed the decommissioning liabilities, but even after all that, they’ve got these values, the 2P values of 7 and 31, and those are calculated net of decommissioning costs. On top of that, between those two deals, they got about a 21.4% stake in this midstream asset, which I’m arguing is worth something like 50 million dollars.

NOBV—this is the big one. It’s now renamed TEN, Tenaz Energy Netherlands. They bought it from Shell and Exxon. Big asset; they’re the operator. They like being the operator—nearly 90% stake. Buying from supermajors is a nice way to go for one reason: you have well-trained people, you have good infrastructure. Now, this joint venture between Shell and Exxon had done very little in terms of new investment, but you know that what they have is well-maintained, and I’ll explain why they haven’t invested much in a moment. They also became the operator and a stakeholder in a gas plant that basically sits onshore and takes in all this stuff from offshore. They’re dealing with a friendly government eager to boost offshore production and I’ll talk about that towards the end.

And so, the interesting thing about this deal is the headline number—the number that you see people report in the press and a lot of places—was 246 million plus this earn-out based on the free cash flow. And that’s true free cash flow, so they could just choose to reinvest a ton of money to grow their production and lower the free cash flow number, thereby lowering the earn-out, which is essentially what they’re doing. The deal came with a lockbox mechanism and these are not uncommon in oil and gas, but it might be a bit interesting in terms of how much cash this lockbox delivered to offset that 246 million dollar purchase price.

So, the deal was slated to close in mid-2025, but the effective date was the beginning of 2024, and all the cash that these assets were throwing off could go towards the eventual 246 million dollar price. They put down 34 million, expected to pay only 25 million at close, but gas prices were better than expected and they actually received 24 million at close, so they basically spent 10 million plus whatever the earn-out is to buy all this good stuff. And because, as I said, Exxon and Shell hadn’t been really doing anything to drill and slow or flatten the production declines, there’s a lot of low-hanging fruit, if you will, for them to tackle to return this thing to growth.

I think the market didn’t quite figure this out right away. I think a lot of people just looked at the headline number. So, here you have their enterprise value in blue and the deal is announced in mid-2024. And you can see that the shares initially jumped to 8 bucks, which was a big move for the stock, but you were getting close to 20 dollars just in proven developed producing reserves and it was just crazy—crazy opportunity. People didn’t realize how good it was and eventually they figured it out and the shares have traded around 1P value over time. So, the value of proven reserves whether they’re producing or not.

This all comes with the best seismic money can buy. That’s ocean-bottom-node seismic where you stick your—whatever you call them—right on the ocean floor, send those signals right through the rock to get yourself some 3D seismic that you can look at to figure out where to drill. Tenaz closed the deal in the beginning of May 2025, two months ahead of schedule, because if they closed earlier, they could then start their CapEx program. And the sooner they started that, the lower the free cash flow was going to be from that year and they’re basically paying out 50% of free cash flow in 2025, so for every dollar that they invest, they’re reducing the earn-out by 50 cents. Same with this year, and then 25 cents in 2027. So, it took a while to really ramp things up, but by the end of 2025 things were moving along and this year and next year they’re going to invest a lot.

Why would they get such a good deal? Well, the sellers had non-economic motivations. There was a giant gas field, just absolutely huge, discovered in onshore Netherlands back in the 50s. And over the years, a lot of this drilling and whatnot activity caused something like a thousand minor earthquakes. And so, people’s homes would get damaged and it was just a ton of bad press and the government was really being nasty to Shell. And so, they were looking to get out and put the company, including the onshore stuff, up for sale and it just sat there for a couple of years before Tenaz got it. Tenaz is not doing onshore; they’re just taking the offshore portion, so earthquakes are just not an issue for them. The Groningen field was eventually closed—it was closed early 2024.

But there’s another thing, which is just that while there’s a lot of opportunity for a company the size of Tenaz to grow here with exploration wells and everything, for a supermajor, it’s a mature basin and so, take a look at this chart here: this is just so tiny compared to the opportunities that Exxon and Shell have. It’s just not going to move the needle for them. So, as the CEO of a supermajor, you have to ask yourself, is it even worth my time? So, they didn’t fight too much on price. By the way, their costs are probably going to be lower than what’s in the reserve report.

Now, these wells in the Dutch North Sea are expensive to drill—20 to 30 million bucks—but they’re absolutely huge. And so, for the assets that they got in this deal, if you just get one decent well a year, you can keep your production flat and if you do better than that, you grow. So, they probably have a lot more targets to drill than what is included in this light blue section you see there on the chart. So, I think their reserves could be understated and I think we might see better production than what you see in the chart there. And as I mentioned earlier, Tony Marino is not one to over-promise in my experience—I’ve been involved here for a couple of years, more like three.

Here’s your map. You can see the lower left cluster is basically the lighter stuff on the lower left is their non-operated production licenses, the stuff they got in those two small deals. The darker production license orange areas are what came with NOBV, and they’ve got some exploration stuff up there on the top. This windy black pipeline is NGT. You can see that in the lower section; it spans the width of the map. The yellow stuff is the Gems deal, the latest deal. Gems paid a lot of cash relative to previous deals, but it basically spans the Dutch-German nautical border. It was a good price just based on the reserves that they have booked. There will be contingent payments due if they drill a good well, and they do plan to drill three exploration fields in the next three years. I think this will likely come into play, but if you think about the value to Tenaz considering their stake and so forth, we’re talking about maybe 15% of the value based on Tenaz estimates. If they all came in at just 50 billion cubic feet of gas, then 28%, it’ll be fine.

This is a new asset, so you don’t have a lot of producing wells that are going to be plugged in a few years and some giant reclamation liabilities. The company One-Dyas is the operator, the largest private natural gas producer in the Netherlands. They installed a brand-new platform the middle of 2024 and they’re producing for just one well that was drilled in March of last year. It’s huge; it’s the biggest production of any well in the Netherlands. This year, we’re drilling a couple of infill wells in the same field, which should get you to roughly doubling production. Then there’s a couple exploration wells which could be a boost to the drilling plan and reserves. The cost per barrel should be low. We are basically ramping a lot of production on top of the fixed cost of maintaining this platform.

Tenaz is now the largest natural gas producer in the Netherlands aside from the state-owned EBN, which is also a stakeholder in this project along with One-Dyas. Next year, they’re basically going to take a decommissioned platform from Eni, the Italian supermajor, and put it to the north, tie it back to the current platform via pipe, and drill some more stuff up there. You can see the blue dot in the lower right and the red field. The red stuff is the proven reserves. We’ve got one well going on in the lower right red area with the blue dot. They’re going to drill two infill wells in that section. Right after that, they want to go to N05A-Noord or North, so just north of that. It’s an exploration field, not in reserves. Then the Diamant or Diamond field to the right. The new platform N04-A is the green dot in the middle, and that is going to drill those two fields, N04-A and C. Those are in reserves. After that, they’re going to tackle the Opal field, an exploration field to the north, which could be really big.

There is a lot more acquisition potential in this part of the world, and the supermajors are still in the process of leaving. Tenaz prefers to be an operator on the properties and so their partners in these projects that are the current operators are logical people to talk to if the price is right. Similar to the past, Tenaz has left itself with either more cash or borrowing capacity than it needs because they’re basically ready for another deal. That is the case today. They’ve got about $185 million of liquidity and could probably line up financing on top of that.

With the very first tiny deal they did, they got a stake in a carbon sequestration project which has yet to kick off, but it would take place right in the heart of the Dutch North Sea where they’re located. It would require Tenaz to pony up about $85 million, but in so doing, you offset your carbon taxes on about 50,000 barrels a day of production. Long story short, it’s a good IRR; it’s an option with real value. Obviously, if you want to trade this for something or sell it, you’d want to talk to somebody with that level of production, but it’s a potential currency in an acquisition. Tenaz has not yet been called upon to say whether or not they want to participate, but it has value.

Tony’s optimistic about the M&A pipeline, but you never know when the next deal is going to come and you need some patience. There’s plenty of organic growth that come from the assets that they’ve already purchased. It should be perhaps a bit more easy to be patient with Tenaz’s M&A program than it’s been in the past. In addition to the wells I’ve talked about, related to the two initial smaller deals, there’s a prospect they have a stake in that Eni is drilling and hopefully it’s a good well.

As you can see here in this top chart, the 2025 stuff is all pro-forma as if Tenaz owned NOBV and Gems for the entire year, and they clearly didn’t. Their actual production was a lot smaller than you see there, but just in terms of how much assets are growing, this chart gives you a good idea looking from 2025 to 2026. At the bottom, you can see the bottom chart is fund flow from operations. It works out to more or less cash from operations, just roughly speaking. You can see that from 2025 to 2026, we’re looking at a really huge jump in cash flow because all of these assets, aside from Gems, have been underinvested over the years and Gems is brand new, so there’s a lot of opportunity.

The company is now about 93% natural gas. In this year alone, there should be about eight large wells that’ll be drilled. I can’t promise they’ll all be successful, but when they are, they’ll probably be very good wells and could help the stock. Also, Tenaz has call dates in the middle of next year on both of their senior notes. By that time, their production versus their net debt, their cash flow versus their net debt, should be a lot better than it is now, and it’s certainly not bad now. They can probably refinance and lower their interest expense.

Let’s look a little macro here. Domestic natural gas production offshore Netherlands makes a lot of sense for that country. Gas is still an important energy source for the Netherlands and, owing to their history, a huge percentage of Dutch homes are heated by natural gas. At the same time, though, the Dutch have been producing a lot less gas. This is largely because of the Groningen field. In 2013, the government capped production on the field because there was so much rancor over these minor earthquakes. Production has gone down since and they closed the field in 2024. What’s going to supply the gas? LNG is the easy answer, but they still have a lot of offshore gas to exploit and Tenaz is sort of the answer to their problems.

For all of the EU, the gas equation has been shifting because of the Ukraine war. Russian imports are down dramatically and they’ll be done by late next year. Also, this is an area of the world where voters tend to be very environmentally conscious. I hope that people will understand that delivering natural gas via pipeline is much more green than LNG. LNG is actually not that great, but gas delivered by pipe is the cleanest fossil fuel by far. I think it sort of makes sense for everybody. Strategically, do you want a huge percentage of your energy supply coming from across the ocean on a boat from a foreign country if you can produce a lot of what you need at home? I think that’s an easy question to answer.

Recently, we had a dip in the TTF price. TTF is Title Transfer Facility and that’s the benchmark price for this area of Europe. This is a Tenaz slide and what they’re trying to show is that if you look at the cost of buying gas in the United States and the cost of shipping LNG to Europe, you’re not really making money based on the forward curve where people are trading gas in the future to be delivered around the Netherlands. Currently, we have this flood of LNG exports that’s been putting pressure on pricing. I think you can sort of see the reason for this. On the left, you can see how TTF was a lot higher than the cost of transportation for a while there. People looking to set up new LNG trains are going to be excited about doing that and the result is a lot of new supply.

Basically, prices around 27-28 Euros per megawatt hour are likely to be a floor because below that, you’re just not going to get the supply you need; it’s not going to be profitable for people. The voyage takes about three weeks, so there’s maybe a bit of a lag when prices bounce around. There was about a month until recently when prices got down around 27 or 28; they didn’t go below it. In the past week, the Ukraine war and cold weather have caused things to bounce back a bit. That is the presentation. I continue to own all my shares. I’m looking forward to a lot of organic growth and, as I said before, I think that organic growth could be better than what Tenaz is suggesting. I also think that we’re going to see more deals and in total they won’t be small. My observation of Tenaz as an operator is that they do a really good job. It’s hard for me to find something not to like about this company other than oil and gas is one of the tougher industries out there. But yeah, anyways, that’s it.

John Mihaljevic: Given that the stock has already made a significant move, how do you view potential returns for investors who are considering a position at this higher valuation base?

Mike: As you can see in that chart, and I’ll go back to it, the shares have gone up but so has the value. This latest little spike you see there with the enterprise value going above the 1P value, basically there’s an analyst at the National Bank of Canada that raised his target price from 35 to 52. On the back of that, you saw this big spike and I’m told that interest in Tenaz has recently become very high at investment conferences. When they schedule the one-on-ones, they’ve been really booking up for Tenaz. It’s not stupid cheap anymore. You can see it being stupid cheap earlier in this chart where the 1P and 2P lines are well above the enterprise value.

But here’s the deal. Like I said, I think that 2P value is likely low and with these exploration wells they will, if successful, convert that into PDP, Proved Developed Producing. Then you have the M&A program. Tony’s very busy with that. It’s a weird feeling to not want your stocks to go up, but that’s sort of how I felt while I was working on this presentation because the shares were down around 23 recently when I started working on this. But I can’t control the price. It’s oil and gas; you often get another bite at the apple. If anyone has any interest in this sector to begin with, I’d say put it on your watch list. Also, maybe subscribe for their emails with the latest press release because as you can see, when they’ve made some big announcements, not just announcing NOBV but the closure of NOBV where they updated the reserves and Gems, it often takes the market a while to figure it out.

John: Could you tell us the approximate age of the CEO?

Mike: 63. He does not seem to be slowing down at all. He’s not the youngest guy, but I wouldn’t say he’s terribly old either.

John: Now that the company has increased in size, it will require more substantial deals to move the needle. Do you anticipate they will focus more on oil-related acquisitions?

Mike: Yeah, I think that’s definitely possible. There is oil in this region of the world. I’m not saying they’ll necessarily stick with nothing but the Dutch North Sea. There are some discoveries that are not included in reserves that could be drilled towards the end of this decade that would produce a lot of oil sold at Brent crude prices. That’s possible. By the way, Tony says that during 2022, they bid on some deals of roughly 100,000 barrels a day in size. Of course, the sellers didn’t think their bid was enough, but that stuff is out there. He’s also talked about the possibility of doing deals that are like a billion dollars in size. At some level, they would need to get financing from private equity, but those things are out there. I get your point, it’s a very good point, but I’m not too worried about them being able to move the needle. I’ll note that many years ago when I was first looking at Terravest, another company I recommended, I talked to the CEO and I said, “Are you guys still going to be able to find big enough deals to make a difference?” and he said, “I don’t know, it’s going to be tough.” Then he did it. I’m not too worried about that.

John: Why aren’t they more flexible regarding the geographic regions they target for investment?

Mike: They are. It’s just that I think they found just a ton of opportunity in this little corner of the world, and it’s a corner that Tony’s familiar with. If you look at their presentations, they actually give you a map of the entire globe and they’ve color-coded each country with “would we consider it or not.”

John: What is your outlook on oil and gas commodity prices?

Mike: Well, I’ve told you about TTF and I think on the low end I have a view. Oil right now is not particularly expensive and natural gas is certainly affected by the oil price, although because of the simple fact that it’s a lot more difficult to transport, especially across the water, it tends to be more of a local market. In North America, we have so much fracking and so much supply versus what we export via LNG that BTU parity broke down a while ago. Sorry about that. But BTU parity roughly holds in this area of the world. If oil went high, it’s going to pull up TTF prices. Oil in general across the globe right now is cheap.

I think WTI would normally trade in the 70s; I think we’re in the high 50s now. The reason is basically the Saudis are trying to take market share back from US Shale and also the Chinese economy has been weak. Those are the main reasons. There’s a lot of talk about Venezuela lately, but if that happens, that production is two or three years out. Frankly, Trump’s recent actions in Venezuela could change a bunch of things. I’m not expressing any view on whether it’s good or bad, but I would just want to suggest that I am not at all convinced that he’s going to be able to get oil companies to go in there given that there’s been sort of two rounds of theft over the decades. Also, it would take a lot of money to fix the mess that’s been created by Chavez and Maduro. Are you going to want to spend that money as a supermajor knowing that Trump’s mechanism for controlling Venezuela is threatening to pull the president out of the country and seize oil tankers, but he’s only going to be around for the next three years? I think you’re going to look out much further than that in terms of getting a return on your investment. That issue doesn’t really concern me too much as far as oil price goes.

John: Aside from increased visibility into cash flow and potential new deal announcements over the next two years, are there any other catalysts investors should monitor?

Mike: Yeah, the cash generating capacity. A lot of people like to value things on the level of cash flow that people are generating. My preferred metric is reserves, but I guess if you have a lot of value coming in in out-years, then who knows what happens with the government or whatever. But on that metric, I think the shares should move up to just get to where I think peer multiples would be. If I have any risk that I really think about here, obviously some global recession is obviously going to have an impact, but like I said, I think the LNG issue probably underpins them to an extent.

Also, the current government coalition in the Netherlands I think is fairly friendly towards oil and gas, but that may not be the case in the future. If you get a left-wing government in there, you don’t know what’s going to happen. I would argue that they should also want to produce gas domestically because LNG is not nearly as green, but I don’t know that reason will prevail. Some countries in this corner of the world shut down their nuclear power plants in the wake of Fukushima, even though they don’t have tidal waves in this part of the world and it’s carbon-free base load power. You can’t always count on reason to prevail, I suppose, but that’s a risk.

About the instructor:

Mike Kruger’s first investment experience was watching his shares of Berkshire Hathaway get cut in half during the tech-mania of the late 1990’s. But he didn’t panic, and today manages a global focused value portfolio of equities and distressed debt in New York City. He previously worked as a former equity and credit analyst at Promethean Asset Management LLC in NYC, and prior to that as a high-yield credit analyst at Liberty Mutual in Boston. He holds a Bachelor’s degree from the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University.

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First Solar: Decoupling from Chinese Supply via Thin-Film Technology

January 19, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Featured, Ideas, Transcripts

Alex Gates of Clayton Partners presented his in-depth investment thesis on First Solar (US: FSLR) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

Decarbonization remains a primary investment theme despite political shifts, as the domestic regulatory environment has stabilized through recent legislation like the OBBB. Electricity demand in the U.S. is projected to grow six times faster over the next 20 years than historical averages, fueled by AI data center expansion and the electrification of industry and transport. Utility-scale solar is positioned to meet this demand because it can be deployed two to three times faster than fossil fuel alternatives and remains cost-competitive even without tax credits. Within this tailwind, First Solar (FSLR) operates as the leading domestic manufacturer with a patent-protected thin-film technology that is entirely independent of Chinese supply chains, mitigating tariff and forced-labor risks.

First Solar maintains a sold-out order book through 2028, which provides high visibility into future cash flows and a margin of safety for investors. Alex emphasizes that the company’s CadTel technology offers a manufacturing advantage over traditional polysilicon by integrating production under one roof, reducing friction and energy use. Production capacity is expected to exceed 21 GW by 2026 as new U.S. facilities scale. Near-term catalysts include potential upward revisions to panel pricing driven by Section 232 tariffs and a Supreme Court ruling on IEEPA. Furthermore, hyperscalers like Google have begun securing large-scale projects from FSLR customers to lock in power for AI buildouts, reinforcing the company’s essential role in the energy transition.

The company’s balance sheet is characterized by zero debt and a cash position that ended 2025 at over $1.6 billion. Alex anticipates that FSLR could generate two-thirds of its market cap in cash by 2030. While management has historically prioritized internal expansion and R&D-focused M&A, the magnitude of expected FCF suggests that capital allocation toward buybacks or dividends could become a focus in 2026. This shift in capital return strategy, combined with a potential reduction in interest rates, would likely serve as a catalyst for a market rerating. Although the Trump administration has previously targeted renewables, the OBBB maintained critical 45X manufacturing tax credits while making it harder for foreign entities of concern to qualify, further strengthening FSLR’s competitive position.

Valuation appears depressed relative to the company’s earnings ramp and peer group. The shares recently traded at 8x consensus 2027 EPS, a discount compared to equipment providers like Shoals or Nextracker which trade above 20x. Alex estimates module sales of 23 GW and 40% margins in a 2027 base case, yielding $27 per share in earnings. Applying a 13x multiple and accounting for cash on the balance sheet, he suggests a price target of $385, representing 60% upside. In a high-case scenario involving 50% net income margins and improved pricing, the valuation could reach $670 per share, offering 180% upside from recent levels.

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About the instructor:

Alex Gates is a Partner, Co-Portfolio Manager of CPDS and Chief Compliance Officer at Clayton Partners LLC. Founded in 2003, Clayton Partners is an opportunistic value investment firm.

Clayton manages a private investment partnership and individual separate accounts. The firm takes a private equity approach to investing in the public markets and looks to align itself with shareholder friendly management teams that focus on long-term value creation.

Alex leads the firm’s effort to find compelling public and private investment opportunities in sustainable businesses that have a positive impact on climate change. The current focus is on investments in renewable energy, utilities, bio-fuels, and recycling.

Alex holds a Masters Degree in Business Economics from the University of California at Santa Barbara. Prior to his graduate education, he completed a dual major BS in Economics and Statistics from Cal Poly State University. At both institutions, Alex concentrated in finance and economic modeling. He earned the Chartered Financial Analyst designation in 2015.

UnitedHealth: Market Misinterprets Cyclical Pressures as Structural

January 16, 2026 in Audio, Best Ideas 2026, Best Ideas 2026 Featured, Diary, Equities, Ideas, Transcripts

Stephen Dodson of Bretton Fund presented his in-depth investment thesis on UnitedHealth Group (US: UNH) at Best Ideas 2026.

Thesis summary:

UNH operates as a dominant healthcare franchise combining UnitedHealthcare, the nation’s largest insurer, with Optum, a massive healthcare services arm serving 100 million Americans. This dual structure creates a distinct competitive advantage, particularly in the shift toward Value-Based Care (VBC), where provider incentives align with patient outcomes to control costs. By owning both the insurance risk and the care delivery network (OptumHealth), the company leverages superior data and scale to drive efficiencies that pure-play competitors cannot match. The business has historically delivered consistent low-double-digit compounding in revenue and EPS, supported by high returns on capital and a diverse stream of profit pools across pharmacy benefits, data analytics, and care delivery.

The company recently faced substantial headwinds driven by a sharp, unexpected increase in healthcare utilization and an underwriting failure in its Medicare Advantage (MA) book. In 2025, the Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) spiked to near 90%, well above the historical average of 82%, as the company aggressively expanded into MA just as patient acuity and utilization rates accelerated. This mispricing was exacerbated by regulatory rate pressures and a lag effect from delayed COVID-19 treatments, leading to fears of permanently impaired earnings and causing the stock to trade at a discount relative to its history.

Stephen views these operational setbacks as cyclical and fixable rather than structural. Under the leadership of returning CEO Stephen Hemsley, management is aggressively repricing its book of business, increasing premiums on commercial plans by low double digits and ACA plans by roughly 25%. The company is also pruning unprofitable membership, projecting a loss of ~1 million MA subscribers to reset the cost base. While these actions will dampen near-term growth, they are designed to restore operating margins to the historical 8-9% range over the medium term, with the company expecting a return to regular growth by 2027.

Long-term growth remains underpinned by secular tailwinds, specifically the ongoing penetration of MA and the broader expansion of US health spending. As the industry transitions from fee-for-service to VBC—growing at 15% annually—UnitedHealth’s integrated model positions it to capture economics across the value chain. Optum’s diverse business lines, including OptumRx and OptumInsight, provide durability against volatility in the insurance underwriting cycle. Furthermore, the company maintains a shareholder-centric capital allocation strategy, consistently deploying free cash flow toward dividends and share repurchases, although buybacks have been temporarily paused to reduce leverage following the Amedisys acquisition.

Shares recently traded at roughly $341, implying a market capitalization of $310 billion and a 2.6% dividend yield. While the stock trades at approximately 21x depressed 2025 earnings of $16.32, the valuation compresses to roughly 16x estimated 2027 earnings of nearly $21 as margins recover. Stephen argues that the market is currently underwriting permanently lower margins of 5-6%, ignoring the high probability of a mean reversion to historical profitability levels. The current valuation offers a compelling entry point for a high-quality compounder temporarily dislocated by solvable underwriting errors.

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About the instructor:

Stephen Dodson is the president and founder of Bretton Capital Management and serves as the portfolio manager to the Bretton Fund, a mutual fund with a long-term, concentrated, value strategy. Stephen serves on the San Francisco advisory board for YIMBY Action, a housing advocacy group.

Prior to founding Bretton in 2010, he served as president, portfolio manager, and chief operating officer of Parnassus Investments, a family of mutual funds. He previously worked for the venture capital group of Advent International, a private equity firm, and was an investment banker for Morgan Stanley in New York and Menlo Park.

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